Svarūpeṇa Vyavasthitiḥ - Constitutional Position: Difference between revisions

(Created page with " The most fundamental teaching of the Kṛṣṇa consciousness movement is the understanding of one's constitutional position. Śrīla Prabhupāda explains that due to material contact, the living entity has forgotten his original nature and is currently acting under the false impression of being the master of his environment. Real knowledge begins when one realizes that the soul is eternally a subordinate part and parcel of the Supreme Lord, meant to render transcenden...")
 
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:


The most fundamental teaching of the Kṛṣṇa consciousness movement is the understanding of one's constitutional position. Śrīla Prabhupāda explains that due to material contact, the living entity has forgotten his original nature and is currently acting under the false impression of being the master of his environment. Real knowledge begins when one realizes that the soul is eternally a subordinate part and parcel of the Supreme Lord, meant to render transcendental loving service.
The central instruction of the ''Bhagavad-gītā'' is ''man-manā bhava mad-bhaktaḥ'': "Always think of Me and become My devotee." Śrīla Prabhupāda explains that this constant thinking of Kṛṣṇa is the secret to conquering the material energy. Unlike abstract meditation, thinking of Kṛṣṇa involves active absorption in His names, forms, qualities, and pastimes, which purifies the existence of the devotee and elevates them to the spiritual platform.


<div class="toc-right">__TOC__</div>
<div class="toc-right">__TOC__</div>


=== Defining Liberation (''Svarūpeṇa Vyavasthitiḥ'') ===
=== The Topmost Yoga (''Samādhi'') ===


Śrīla Prabhupāda clarifies that liberation (''mukti'') is not a mysterious transformation or a loss of individuality. Rather, it is the simple act of being reinstated in one's own constitutional position. Currently, the soul is in a diseased state, identifying with the material body and mind. By following the process of devotional service, one sheds these false designations and becomes situated in the "sound condition" of eternal servitorship.
Śrīla Prabhupāda identifies the person who constantly thinks of Kṛṣṇa as the greatest of all yogis. While others may struggle with mechanical yoga practices to control the mind, a devotee easily achieves ''samādhi'' (trance) by letting the mind flow naturally toward Kṛṣṇa. This absorption is so potent that it allows the devotee to overcome physiological and psychological barriers such as sleep and ignorance.


* [[Vaniquotes:A devotee is never controlled by false thoughts. He knows his position. Svarupena vyavasthitih (SB 2.10.6). Mukti, liberation, means to be situated in one's own constitutional position. I am a servant|A devotee is never controlled by false thoughts. He knows his position. Svarupena vyavasthitih (SB 2.10.6). Mukti, liberation, means to be situated in one's own constitutional position. I am a servant.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Krsna says, - Of all yogis, the one who is constantly thinking of Me within himself, meditating upon Me within the heart, is the first-class yogi|Krsna says, - Of all yogis, the one who is constantly thinking of Me within himself, meditating upon Me within the heart, is the first-class yogi.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:As said in Srimad-Bhagavatam (SB 2.10.6), mukti (liberation) means svarupena vyavasthitih - being situated in one's own constitutional position|As said in Srimad-Bhagavatam (SB 2.10.6), mukti (liberation) means svarupena vyavasthitih - being situated in one's own constitutional position.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:The topmost yogi is he who constantly thinks of Krsna within himself and chants the glories of the Lord. This system of bhakti-yoga has been existing from time immemorial and is now continuing in this Krsna consciousness movement|The topmost yogi is he who constantly thinks of Krsna within himself and chants the glories of the Lord. This system of bhakti-yoga has been existing from time immemorial and is now continuing in this Krsna consciousness movement.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Mukti, or liberation, means becoming free from the results of fruitive activities. As stated in Srimad-Bhagavatam (SB 2.10.6): muktir hitvanyatha-rupam. Mukti means giving up all other activities and being situated in one's constitutional position|Mukti, or liberation, means becoming free from the results of fruitive activities. As stated in Srimad-Bhagavatam (SB 2.10.6): muktir hitvanyatha-rupam. Mukti means giving up all other activities and being situated in one's constitutional position.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:A devotee of Krsna can conquer both sleep and ignorance simply by thinking of Krsna constantly. This is called Krsna consciousness, or samadhi. BG 1972 purports|A devotee of Krsna can conquer both sleep and ignorance simply by thinking of Krsna constantly. This is called Krsna consciousness, or samadhi.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Liberation means to be situated in one's constitutional position as an eternal servitor of Krsna (Krsna consciousness)|Liberation means to be situated in one's constitutional position as an eternal servitor of Krsna (Krsna consciousness).]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Bhagavad-gita states in the last verse of the Sixth Chapter that the greatest yogi is he who constantly thinks of Krsna within himself, or he who is Krsna conscious|Bhagavad-gita states in the last verse of the Sixth Chapter that the greatest yogi is he who constantly thinks of Krsna within himself, or he who is Krsna conscious.]]


=== The Inherent Nature of Service ===
=== Spiritual Transformation ===


Service is not a choice but the soul's eternal ''dharma'' or constitutional duty. Śrīla Prabhupāda gives the example that just as liquidity is the ''dharma'' of water and sweetness is the ''dharma'' of sugar, service is the ''dharma'' of the soul. We are always serving someone—if not God, then our family, country, or even our domestic animals. Kṛṣṇa consciousness simply redirects this service spirit to the right object, the Supreme Personality of Godhead.
The nature of our future body is determined by our mental state at the time of death. Śrīla Prabhupāda uses the analogy of a caterpillar thinking of a butterfly to illustrate how constant thinking of Kṛṣṇa transforms the living entity. By keeping the mind fixed on the Lord, one washes away material contamination and attains a spiritual body similar to Kṛṣṇa's.


* [[Vaniquotes:Every living creature is engaging in the service of something else. A living being's constitutional position is to render service, but in maya, or illusion, or the conditional state of existence, the conditioned soul seeks the service of illusion|Every living creature is engaging in the service of something else. A living being's constitutional position is to render service, but in maya, or illusion, or the conditional state of existence, the conditioned soul seeks the service of illusion.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:The caterpillar that thinks of becoming a butterfly & so is transformed into a butterfly in the same life. Similarly, if we constantly think of Krsna, it is certain that at the end of our lives we'll have the same bodily constitution as Krsna. BG 1972 p|The caterpillar that thinks of becoming a butterfly & so is transformed into a butterfly in the same life. Similarly, if we constantly think of Krsna, it is certain that at the end of our lives we'll have the same bodily constitution as Krsna.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Can anybody say in this meeting that he's not servant of anybody or anything? He must be, because that is his constitutional position. But the difficulty is that by serving our senses, there is no solution of the problem, of the miseries|Can anybody say in this meeting that he's not servant of anybody or anything? He must be, because that is his constitutional position. But the difficulty is that by serving our senses, there is no solution of the problem, of the miseries.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:By thinking of Me (Krsna) constantly with love and affection, you (Devaki and Vasudeva) will achieve the highest perfection: returning home, back to Godhead - SB 10.3.45|By thinking of Me (Krsna) constantly with love and affection, you (Devaki and Vasudeva) will achieve the highest perfection: returning home, back to Godhead.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Dharma means that our constitutional position is to serve. But our service being misplaced, we are not happy. Actually, we are serving not any person, but we are serving our different types of desires|Dharma means that our constitutional position is to serve. But our service being misplaced, we are not happy. Actually, we are serving not any person, but we are serving our different types of desires.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Na punah kalpate rajan samsaro jnana-sambhavah (SB 10.6.39-40). This verse also guarantees that devotees who constantly think of Krsna in a particular relationship will never return to this material world|Na punah kalpate rajan samsaro jnana-sambhavah. This verse also guarantees that devotees who constantly think of Krsna in a particular relationship will never return to this material world.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Our constitutional position is like that. If we do not serve God, we do not agree... We are servant of God, but if we deny that "No, I am not servant," so that means I become servant of maya. Servant I'll have to remain. That is my constitutional position|Our constitutional position is like that. If we do not serve God, we do not agree... We are servant of God, but if we deny that "No, I am not servant," so that means I become servant of maya. Servant I'll have to remain. That is my constitutional position.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Thus by pure consciousness due to constant devotional remembrance, they attained the spiritual sky, which is ruled over by the Supreme Narayana, Lord Krsna. This is attained only by those who meditate upon the one Supreme Lord without deviation|Thus by pure consciousness due to constant devotional remembrance, they attained the spiritual sky, which is ruled over by the Supreme Narayana, Lord Krsna. This is attained only by those who meditate upon the one Supreme Lord without deviation.]]


=== The Analogy of the Part and the Whole ===
=== Examples of Perfect Absorption ===


To illustrate our relationship with God, Śrīla Prabhupāda often uses the analogy of the part and the whole. Just as a finger finds its purpose and nourishment by serving the entire body, the individual soul finds happiness only by serving Kṛṣṇa. As infinitesimal parts (atomic sparks), we are qualitatively the same as the Supreme Sun but quantitatively different; thus, our natural constitutional position is one of dependence and cooperation.
The scriptures are filled with examples of great souls who were constantly absorbed in Kṛṣṇa. Śrīla Prabhupāda describes the ''gopīs'', who thought of Kṛṣṇa day and night in His absence; Akrūra, who meditated on Kṛṣṇa's lotus eyes while traveling to Vṛndāvana; and Sudāmā Vipra, whose gratitude kept him in constant trance. Their examples show that one can think of Kṛṣṇa in various loving relationships.


* [[Vaniquotes:The actual fact is that every living being is an individual part and parcel of the Supreme Being, and his constitutional position is subordinate cooperative service|The actual fact is that every living being is an individual part and parcel of the Supreme Being, and his constitutional position is subordinate cooperative service.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Being greatly disturbed by the absence of Krsna, they (the gopis) simply thought all day and night about His pastimes and thus derived some consolation|Being greatly disturbed by the absence of Krsna, they (the gopis) simply thought all day and night about His pastimes and thus derived some consolation.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:It is the living entity's constitutional position to be an eternal servant of Krsna because he is the marginal energy of Krsna and a manifestation simultaneously one with and different from the Lord, like a molecular particle of sunshine or fire|It is the living entity's constitutional position to be an eternal servant of Krsna because he is the marginal energy of Krsna and a manifestation simultaneously one with and different from the Lord, like a molecular particle of sunshine or fire.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Akrura himself was a great devotee of the Lord (Krsna), while going to Vrndavana he began to pray to the Lord. Devotees are always absorbed in thoughts of Krsna, and Akrura was constantly thinking of Lord Krsna's lotus eyes|Akrura himself was a great devotee of the Lord (Krsna), while going to Vrndavana he began to pray to the Lord. Devotees are always absorbed in thoughts of Krsna, and Akrura was constantly thinking of Lord Krsna's lotus eyes.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Our constitutional position is to render service to Krsna as His part and parcel, and as soon as we refuse to render Him service, maya is immediately there to capture us and say, - Serve me|Our constitutional position is to render service to Krsna as His part and parcel, and as soon as we refuse to render Him service, maya is immediately there to capture us and say, - Serve me.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:He (Sudama) realized how kind Lord Krsna was to him, and he was always in trance, constantly thinking of Krsna. By such constant association with Lord Krsna, whatever darkness of material contamination remained within his heart was completely cleared away|He (Sudama) realized how kind Lord Krsna was to him, and he was always in trance, constantly thinking of Krsna. By such constant association with Lord Krsna, whatever darkness of material contamination remained within his heart was completely cleared away.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Krsna's constitutional position and the living entity's constitutional position are the same qualitatively. The only difference is that the living entity is eternally an atomic particle of the Supreme Spirit|Krsna's constitutional position and the living entity's constitutional position are the same qualitatively. The only difference is that the living entity is eternally an atomic particle of the Supreme Spirit.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Pariksit Maharaja because of his many obligations to Krsna, intelligently decided to think of Krsna constantly during the last days of his life|Pariksit Maharaja because of his many obligations to Krsna, intelligently decided to think of Krsna constantly during the last days of his life.]]


=== Awakening Through Inquiry ===
=== Inimical vs. Favorable Thinking ===


Śrīla Prabhupāda teaches that the special prerogative of the human form of life is the ability to inquire into one's constitutional position. Animals cannot ask "Who am I?" or "Why am I suffering?" By approaching a spiritual master, as Sanātana Gosvāmī did with Lord Caitanya, one can be injected with the knowledge required to transcend the material body and revive one's original, joyful consciousness (''brahma-bhūta'').
Thinking of Kṛṣṇa is so powerful that it brings results even if done unfavorably. Śrīla Prabhupāda points out that demons like Śiśupāla and Kaṁsa thought of Kṛṣṇa constantly out of envy or fear and were liberated. However, the unique position of a devotee is that they think of Kṛṣṇa with love, which qualifies them for the highest destination—returning to Godhead—rather than just impersonal salvation.


* [[Vaniquotes:When Sanatana Gosvami submitted to the lotus feet of Sri Caitanya, his first question was 'ke ami', 'kene amaya jare tapa-traya'. He wanted to know his constitutional position and why he was suffering from the threefold miseries of material existence|When Sanatana Gosvami submitted to the lotus feet of Sri Caitanya, his first question was 'ke ami', 'kene amaya jare tapa-traya'. He wanted to know his constitutional position and why he was suffering from the threefold miseries of material existence.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Krsna's enemies think, "Here is Krsna, my enemy. I have to kill Him." They think of Krsna in His actual form, and thus they attain salvation. Devotees, therefore, who constantly think of Krsna's form, are certainly liberated|Krsna's enemies think, "Here is Krsna, my enemy. I have to kill Him." They think of Krsna in His actual form, and thus they attain salvation. Devotees, therefore, who constantly think of Krsna's form, are certainly liberated.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:The analysis of man is perfect when he is searching after his constitutional position, "What I am? Am I this body? Why I have come to this world?" This inquisitiveness required. That is the special prerogative of human being|The analysis of man is perfect when he is searching after his constitutional position, "What I am? Am I this body? Why I have come to this world?" This inquisitiveness required. That is the special prerogative of human being.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Sisupala and others who were very much envious of Krsna and who constantly thought of Krsna became free from envy|Sisupala and others who were very much envious of Krsna and who constantly thought of Krsna became free from envy.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:By chanting the holy name of God gradually your dirty things within the heart will be cleansed and you will see properly your constitutional position and then you will act accordingly and then your life will be happy and prosperous|By chanting the holy name of God gradually your dirty things within the heart will be cleansed and you will see properly your constitutional position and then you will act accordingly and then your life will be happy and prosperous.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:A devotee, of course, by his knowledge and tapasya, becomes free from fear and anger and becomes a pure devotee. Similarly, an enemy, although thinking of Krsna inimically, thinks of Him constantly and also becomes purified|A devotee, of course, by his knowledge and tapasya, becomes free from fear and anger and becomes a pure devotee. Similarly, an enemy, although thinking of Krsna inimically, thinks of Him constantly and also becomes purified.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:First of all, one should try to understand the constitutional position of the Supreme Lord, the Personality of Godhead|First of all, one should try to understand the constitutional position of the Supreme Lord, the Personality of Godhead.]]
 
=== Purification of the Heart ===
 
Constant thought of Kṛṣṇa is the ultimate cleansing process for the consciousness. Śrīla Prabhupāda explains that the heart is often filled with the dust of material contamination, manifested as fear, anger, and darkness. By constantly engaging the mind in thoughts of the Lord, one performs ''ceto-darpaṇa-mārjanam''—cleansing the mirror of the mind—and becomes free from these disturbances.
 
* [[Vaniquotes:Then (when one constantly thinks of the lotus feet of Lord Krsna) one's mind will certainly be cleansed, CC Antya 20.12: ceto-darpana-marjanam|Then (when one constantly thinks of the lotus feet of Lord Krsna) one's mind will certainly be cleansed, ceto-darpana-marjanam.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:He (Sudama) realized how kind Lord Krsna was to him, and he was always in trance, constantly thinking of Krsna. By such constant association with Lord Krsna, whatever darkness of material contamination remained within his heart was completely cleared away|He (Sudama) realized how kind Lord Krsna was to him, and he was always in trance, constantly thinking of Krsna. By such constant association with Lord Krsna, whatever darkness of material contamination remained within his heart was completely cleared away.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:A devotee, of course, by his knowledge and tapasya, becomes free from fear and anger and becomes a pure devotee. Similarly, an enemy, although thinking of Krsna inimically, thinks of Him constantly and also becomes purified|A devotee, of course, by his knowledge and tapasya, becomes free from fear and anger and becomes a pure devotee. Similarly, an enemy, although thinking of Krsna inimically, thinks of Him constantly and also becomes purified.]]
 
=== Application in Daily Life ===
 
For those living in the material world, Śrīla Prabhupāda advises a balanced approach: working dutifully while keeping the mind fixed on Kṛṣṇa. Freedom is not the cessation of work but keeping constantly in touch with the Supreme Spirit. For neophytes, this begins with engaging the senses in service, which gradually evolves into internal remembrance.
 
* [[Vaniquotes:We have to work, just like others, and at the same time think of Krishna constantly. Outsiders should be educated to know that we are the most humble service of the human society|We have to work, just like others, and at the same time think of Krishna constantly. Outsiders should be educated to know that we are the most humble service of the human society.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:Freedom is achieved when we are in constantly touch with the supreme spirit, Krsna. That supreme spirit is Krsna. So this assembly which we are trying to conduct is just to keep in touch constantly with Krsna|Freedom is achieved when we are in constantly touch with the supreme spirit, Krsna. That supreme spirit is Krsna. So this assembly which we are trying to conduct is just to keep in touch constantly with Krsna.]]
* [[Vaniquotes:When one actually becomes advanced through such engagements, then he may not work physically, but he is always engaged within by constantly thinking of Krsna. In the preliminary stage, one is always advised to engage one's senses in the service of Krsna|When one actually becomes advanced through such engagements, then he may not work physically, but he is always engaged within by constantly thinking of Krsna. In the preliminary stage, one is always advised to engage one's senses in the service of Krsna.]]


=== Conclusion ===
=== Conclusion ===


Śrīla Prabhupāda concludes that all human problems arise from a single root cause: ignorance of our constitutional position. By trying to be the enjoyer instead of the enjoyed, we have created a hellish condition on earth. The remedy is to revive our dormant relationship with Kṛṣṇa, accept our position as His eternal servants, and thereby achieve the highest bliss and complete independence from material suffering.
Śrīla Prabhupāda concludes that the Kṛṣṇa consciousness movement is meant to help everyone, regardless of their position, to develop the habit of thinking of Kṛṣṇa. Whether one is a scholar, a worker, or a king like Parīkṣit, the perfection of life is achieved when the mind is constantly absorbed in the lotus feet of the Lord.


=== Dive Deeper into Śrīla Prabhupāda's Vani ===
=== Dive Deeper into Śrīla Prabhupāda's Vani ===


Śrīla Prabhupāda lives within his instructions. This article is a summary of the profound truths found in the Vaniquotes category [[Vaniquotes:Category:Constitutional Position|Constitutional Position]]. We invite you to visit this link to study the complete compilation and experience Śrīla Prabhupāda's teachings in their direct, verbatim form.
Śrīla Prabhupāda lives within his instructions. This article is a summary of the profound truths found in the Vaniquotes category [[Vaniquotes:Category:Constantly Thinking of Krsna|Constantly Thinking of Krsna]]. We invite you to visit this link to study the complete compilation and experience his teachings in their direct, verbatim form.


(See our [[Vanipedia:Methodology for AI-Assisted Articles|Vanipedia:Methodology for AI-Assisted Articles]])
(See our [[Vanipedia:Methodology for AI-Assisted Articles|Vanipedia:Methodology for AI-Assisted Articles]])
[[Category:Articles - First Stage Pending Proofreading|S]]
[[Category:Articles - First Stage Pending Proofreading|N]]
[[Category:Vanipedia Articles - Pending Subcategories]]
[[Category:Vanipedia Articles - Pending Subcategories]]


<div id="vani-provenance" style="display:none;" data-source="Vanipedia" data-author="Srila Prabhupada Vani Temple" data-license="CC BY-NC-SA 4.0" data-origin-url="{{fullurl:{{PAGENAME}}}}">This content is a part of Śrīla Prabhupāda's Vani Temple. Source: https://vanipedia.org</div>
<div id="vani-provenance" style="display:none;" data-source="Vanipedia" data-author="Srila Prabhupada Vani Temple" data-license="CC BY-NC-SA 4.0" data-origin-url="{{fullurl:{{PAGENAME}}}}">This content is a part of Śrīla Prabhupāda's Vani Temple. Source: https://vanipedia.org</div>

Revision as of 20:44, 15 February 2026

The central instruction of the Bhagavad-gītā is man-manā bhava mad-bhaktaḥ: "Always think of Me and become My devotee." Śrīla Prabhupāda explains that this constant thinking of Kṛṣṇa is the secret to conquering the material energy. Unlike abstract meditation, thinking of Kṛṣṇa involves active absorption in His names, forms, qualities, and pastimes, which purifies the existence of the devotee and elevates them to the spiritual platform.

The Topmost Yoga (Samādhi)

Śrīla Prabhupāda identifies the person who constantly thinks of Kṛṣṇa as the greatest of all yogis. While others may struggle with mechanical yoga practices to control the mind, a devotee easily achieves samādhi (trance) by letting the mind flow naturally toward Kṛṣṇa. This absorption is so potent that it allows the devotee to overcome physiological and psychological barriers such as sleep and ignorance.

Spiritual Transformation

The nature of our future body is determined by our mental state at the time of death. Śrīla Prabhupāda uses the analogy of a caterpillar thinking of a butterfly to illustrate how constant thinking of Kṛṣṇa transforms the living entity. By keeping the mind fixed on the Lord, one washes away material contamination and attains a spiritual body similar to Kṛṣṇa's.

Examples of Perfect Absorption

The scriptures are filled with examples of great souls who were constantly absorbed in Kṛṣṇa. Śrīla Prabhupāda describes the gopīs, who thought of Kṛṣṇa day and night in His absence; Akrūra, who meditated on Kṛṣṇa's lotus eyes while traveling to Vṛndāvana; and Sudāmā Vipra, whose gratitude kept him in constant trance. Their examples show that one can think of Kṛṣṇa in various loving relationships.

Inimical vs. Favorable Thinking

Thinking of Kṛṣṇa is so powerful that it brings results even if done unfavorably. Śrīla Prabhupāda points out that demons like Śiśupāla and Kaṁsa thought of Kṛṣṇa constantly out of envy or fear and were liberated. However, the unique position of a devotee is that they think of Kṛṣṇa with love, which qualifies them for the highest destination—returning to Godhead—rather than just impersonal salvation.

Purification of the Heart

Constant thought of Kṛṣṇa is the ultimate cleansing process for the consciousness. Śrīla Prabhupāda explains that the heart is often filled with the dust of material contamination, manifested as fear, anger, and darkness. By constantly engaging the mind in thoughts of the Lord, one performs ceto-darpaṇa-mārjanam—cleansing the mirror of the mind—and becomes free from these disturbances.

Application in Daily Life

For those living in the material world, Śrīla Prabhupāda advises a balanced approach: working dutifully while keeping the mind fixed on Kṛṣṇa. Freedom is not the cessation of work but keeping constantly in touch with the Supreme Spirit. For neophytes, this begins with engaging the senses in service, which gradually evolves into internal remembrance.

Conclusion

Śrīla Prabhupāda concludes that the Kṛṣṇa consciousness movement is meant to help everyone, regardless of their position, to develop the habit of thinking of Kṛṣṇa. Whether one is a scholar, a worker, or a king like Parīkṣit, the perfection of life is achieved when the mind is constantly absorbed in the lotus feet of the Lord.

Dive Deeper into Śrīla Prabhupāda's Vani

Śrīla Prabhupāda lives within his instructions. This article is a summary of the profound truths found in the Vaniquotes category Constantly Thinking of Krsna. We invite you to visit this link to study the complete compilation and experience his teachings in their direct, verbatim form.

(See our Vanipedia:Methodology for AI-Assisted Articles)